NAD + metabolism and function in innate and adaptive immune cells

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) plays a central role in cellular metabolism and energy production, supporting many biological processes. Recent studies highlight the significance of NAD + in regulation of immune cell function, with implications for our understanding of immune homeostasis, inflammation, and disease. This review reports our current understanding on the role of NAD + in the immune system, specifically in macrophages and T cells, facilitating their metabolic reprogramming during differentiation and activation. It offers an overview of NAD + biosynthesis within these immune cells, describes its role in the modulation of immune cell metabolism and effector function, and highlights potential therapeutic applications of NAD + modulation in immunological disorders including autoimmune diseases and cancer.