This systematic review analyzes the AUCs of diagnostic risk prediction models for upper gastrointestinal cancers, highlighting their validation across various settings.
AUCs reported in external validation studies. Dot plot showing the AUC reported by each external validation study, separated by study setting. Each data point represents a single model. Data points are colored according to UGI cancer site (red, gallbladder; green, gastric; blue, esophageal; purple, pancreatic). Data point shaped corresponds to the model development method (circle, conventional statistics; triangle, ML).
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Saunders et al. (2025) studied this question.
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