Systematic review evaluates diagnostic risk prediction models in upper gastrointestinal cancers, highlighting methods used.
Statistical methods used to develop each model. A, Bar chart showing the number of models developed with different methods, either ML (blue) or conventional statistics (orange) B, The most common methods used for conventional statistics and the number of models. C, The most common methods used for ML techniques and the number of models.
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Saunders et al. (2025) studied this question.
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