Risk factors and injury prevention strategies for hamstring injuries: a narrative review

Hamstring injuries are a significant concern in high-speed running and kicking sports, contributing to a high incidence and recurrence rate among athletes. Anatomical and biomechanical properties of the hamstrings, especially the biceps femoris long head, make them susceptible to strain, contributing to the high injury rate observed in athletes. Key risk factors, including prior injury history, neuromuscular deficiencies, excessive load, and muscle–tendon architecture, have been identified as contributors to injury prevalence. Eccentric strengthening exercises, particularly the Nordic hamstring exercise, are highlighted for their effectiveness in reducing the incidence of hamstring injuries. Stretching protocols, when combined with strengthening exercises, have shown potential in enhancing muscle flexibility and reducing injury risk, although their standalone effectiveness remains a subject of ongoing research.