Psychiatric Effects Associated With GLP-1 and Gip Agonists: A Review on Semaglutide and Tirzepatide

Introduction: GLP-1 and GIP receptor agonists, including semaglutide and tirzepatide, have revolutionized the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. While their metabolic benefits are well established, emerging evidence suggests that these drugs may influence psychiatric health through central mechanisms. Objective: To examine the current evidence on psychiatric effects, both adverse and potentially beneficial, associated with semaglutide and tirzepatide. Methods: A narrative review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar for studies published between 2020 and 2024. Articles evaluating psychiatric symptoms in patients using GLP-1 and GIP agonists were selected and categorized thematically. Results and Discussion: Recent data indicate that these agonists may affect appetite regulation, mood, and reward pathways. Cases of depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, and altered emotional processing have been reported, although causality remains under investigation. Conversely, improvements in sleep and reductions in compulsive eating and addictive behaviors have also been observed.Conclusion: The psychiatric effects of semaglutide and tirzepatide are complex and multifactorial. While they offer promise in modulating behavior and mood, vigilance is needed to detect and manage adverse events. Future studies should clarify mechanisms and patient-specific risk factors.