Prospects and determinants of willingness to pay for sustainable restoration of rangelands among smallholder cattle producers in North West Province, South Africa

Abstract The degradation and mismanagement of rangeland ecosystems continue to threaten environmental sustainability and livestock-based livelihoods in arid and semi-arid regions. Market-based environmental conservation instruments, such as payment for ecosystem services (PES) and willingness to pay (WTP), serve as effective mechanisms for promoting sustainable land management. This study investigates smallholder cattle producers’ WTP for rangeland restoration in South Africa’s North West Province. A double-bounded contingent valuation method was applied to data from 101 cattle producers, revealing that over 80% were willing to pay an initial bid of USD 11.50 ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, with a mean WTP of USD 17.00 ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. Logistic regression analysis identified education level (p = 0.012), preferred cattle breed (p = 0.039), farming experience (p = 0.026), goat ownership (p = 0.022), ecoregion (p = 0.079), and cattle-derived income (p = 0.048) as significant predictors of WTP. These findings highlight strong support for rangeland restoration and management and reflect how socio-economic and ecological factors shape land-use management choices. The study contributes to the development of participatory, equity-sensitive restoration frameworks aligned with PES, environmental management, sustainable land-use policies, and resilience-building in pastoral systems.