Fentanyl-induced ventilatory depression: population pharmacokinetic/ pharmacodynamic framework for evaluation of opioid-induced ventilatory depression

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Main finding: The physiological model yielded a fentanyl potency estimate significantly lower than simpler models.
Key evidence: The C50 value from the physiological model was 2.3 ng/mL, compared to 7.5 ng/mL from other models.
Approach: Twelve healthy volunteers were tested with incremental doses of fentanyl, measuring ventilation and CO2 levels.
Significance: This study highlights the importance of incorporating CO2 kinetics for understanding opioid effects on ventilation.

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Exploratory study finds lower fentanyl potency for ventilatory depression in healthy adults, suggesting CO2 kinetics' significance.

Lemmen et al. (2025) studied this question.

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