Leveraging Laser-Patterned Copper Electrodes for Personal Healthcare.

Laser-patterned copper (Cu) electrodes are pivotal in advancing electronics, offering unmatched precision and flexibility. Conventional metal patterning methods like photolithography and screen-printing face limitations in resolution, cost, and process complexity, making them less suitable for the evolving needs of healthcare applications, which demand accuracy, biocompatibility, and durability. In contrast, laser processing techniques, including laser printing, laser sintering, and laser ablation, enable the creation of fine, high-precision patterns on flexible or curved substrates with scalability and environmental sustainability. This review explores the recent advances in laser-patterned Cu electrodes for personal healthcare, highlighting the efficiency and adaptability of these techniques in fabricating intricate patterns. Innovations such as transparent designs, wrap-like 3D transfer printing, and laser-ablated selective metallization are discussed to expand the applications of Cu patterns in flexible electronics for noninvasive health monitoring. These advances address the increasing demands for personal healthcare by enhancing patient comfort, portability, and precision, ultimately improving the performance and reliability of wearable medical devices. This review underscores the potential of laser-processed Cu electrodes to drive the next generation of flexible electronics that continuously monitor vital biopotential signals for personal healthcare applications.