The Expression–Negotiation–Co-creation model enhances student agency and voice in cross-cultural music classrooms, suggesting improved teaching methods.
Global student mobility makes music classrooms culturally mixed, but teaching remains teacher-centred, while student voice is ignored. Drawing on critical pedagogy and Self-Determination Theory, this paper phase the Expression–Negotiation–Co-creation model for centring student agency. Expression enables students to clarify diverse musical identities; Negotiation shares power via rotating facilitation and anonymous feedback; Co-creation develops competence through role rotation, quick peer loops, and interdisciplinary Project Weeks. The three phases map to SDT needs: autonomy, relatedness, competence to sustain motivation. We discuss curriculum design, teacher learning cycles, policy supports, and research steps for testing this models.
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Xiaolei Zhang (2025) studied this question.
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