The role of canines (Canidae) in the spread of vector-borne pathogens

This review aimed to summarise the available literature on the prevalence and distribution of Babesia spp., Hepatozoon spp., Leishmania spp., Anaplasma spp., Borrelia spp., and Rickettsia spp. in wild canids (foxes, wolves, jackals, and raccoon dogs) across Europe from 2010 to 2024. A total of 25 published studies were analysed. For each study, data on host species, country, sample size, detection methods, and pathogen prevalence were extracted and compared. All six pathogens were detected in foxes, which showed the highest prevalence rates compared to other canids. Hepatozoon spp., Babesia spp., and Anaplasma spp. were the most frequently studied pathogens. Pathogen prevalence varied by host species and geographical location, with higher rates generally observed in Central and Southern Europe. Foxes appear to play a key role as potential reservoirs for multiple vector-borne pathogens. Climatic conditions, host behaviour, and vector distribution are likely contributing factors. Further research is needed, particularly on jackals and raccoon dogs, which remain understudied.