August 11, 2025Veritas et JustitiaOpen Access

Navigating Legal Ambiguity: Foreign Military Activities and the Rights of Adjacent States Under Article 51(1) Unclos 1982

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The ambiguity of 'other legitimate activities' under Article 51(1) undermines legal certainty in maritime law.
A key example is the conflict between Indonesia and Singapore regarding military exercises in Indonesia's waters.
The article proposes that the term be defined collaboratively by the concerned states to resolve legal uncertainties.
Understanding Article 51(1) as a pactum de contrahendo highlights the need for future agreements between states.

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Exploration of legal ambiguity around military exercises in archipelagic waters, suggesting collaborative state definitions for clarity.

K. Lee (2025) studied this question.

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