Biostimulatory Effects of Plasma on Seeds and Plants

Nonthermal plasma treatments including seed priming, plasma-activated water (PAW), and direct plant stimulation have gained recognition as innovative, eco-friendly strategies to boost seed germination, plant growth, biostimulation, and crop yield. This paper reviews recent advancements in plasma-based seed treatment and irrigation techniques, examining their physiological, biochemical, and molecular impacts on various crops. It also explores the role of reactive species, changes in gene expression, and improved nutrient uptake resulting from plasma exposure. Key case studies are presented to illustrate practical applications, while attention is given to the influence of plasma device types, treatment parameters, and integration with other sustainable technologies. The paper concludes by addressing techno-economic feasibility, field-scale adaptability, and outlining critical directions for future research in plasma-assisted agriculture