Advanced Detection of Imatinib Using Carbon-Based Nanoparticles: A Novel Nanostructured Approach for Sensitive and Selective Analysis

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is hematological malignancy characterized by the abnormal activation of tyrosine kinase enzymes, driving uncontrolled cellular proliferation. Targeted inhibition of these enzymes using tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has revolutionized CML treatment, with imatinib (IMA) being a first-line therapeutic agent. However narrow therapeutic window and potential adverse effects, precise monitoring of IMA concentration in biological fluids crucial for optimizing therapeutic efficacy and minimizing toxicity. Conventional analytical techniques, including chromatographic and spectroscopic methods, have been widely employed for IMA detection in blood, plasma, and urine. However, the emergence of sensor-based detection systems has introduced a transformative approach to drug monitoring, offering enhanced sensitivity, selectivity, and real-time analysis. Among these, electrochemical biosensors leveraging carbon-based nanoparticles have demonstrated remarkable potential due to their superior conductivity, high surface-to-volume ratio, and excellent biocompatibility. These nanostructured materials facilitate improved detection limits, enhanced sensitivity, and superior reproducibility compared to traditional methodologies. This review explores the advancements in carbon-based nanoparticle sensors for IMA detection, highlighting their advantages over conventional techniques and their potential to revolutionize therapeutic drug monitoring in CML management. The integration of nanotechnology in biosensing paves the way for next-generation diagnostic tools, offering rapid, cost-effective, and highly efficient detection platforms for personalized medicine applications.