Prediction of vaccination coverage levels in populations with increasing levels of heterogeneity

Heterogeneity of population is a key factor in modelling the transmission of disease among the population and has huge impact on the outcome of the transmission. In order to investigate the decision-making process in the heterogeneous mixing population regarding whether to be vaccinated or not, we propose the modelling framework which includes the epidemic models and the game theoretical analysis. We consider two sources of heterogeneity in this paper: the different activity levels and the different relative vaccination costs. It is interesting to observe that, if both sources of heterogeneity are considered, there exist a finite number of Nash equilibria for the vaccination game. While if only the difference of activity levels is considered, there are infinitely many Nash equilibria. For the latter case, the initial condition of the decision-making process becomes highly sensitive. In the application of public health management, the inclusion of population heterogeneity significantly complicates the prediction of the overall vaccine coverage level in the whole population.