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Management Strategies Based on the Spatial Heterogeneity of Ecosystem Service Trade‐Offs and Synergies at the Township Scale in Hainan Island, China

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Analysis identifies ecosystem service trade-offs and synergies in township-scale management, suggesting tailored strategies for land control.

All five ecosystem services exhibited a declining trend, especially in coastal regions, highlighting spatial heterogeneity.
Key trade-offs and synergies were identified, especially within protected national forest park zones, indicating the importance of ecological function.
A combination of machine learning and multi-scale geographically weighted regression methods was employed to analyze spatiotemporal changes in services.
Ecological protection strategies need to be differentiated by region, emphasizing the importance of spatial management to build overall ecosystem resilience.

Lai et al. (2025) studied this question.

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Analysis identifies ecosystem service trade-offs and synergies in township-scale management, suggesting tailored strategies for land control.