Finite Element Analysis of Mechanical Behavior in Human Femoral Bone: A Comparative Study of Homogeneous Isotropic and Heterogeneous Isotropic Material Model

This study investigates the influence of different finite element material modeling approaches on the mechanical response of a femoral bone segment under three-point bending. Four material variants, ranging from homogeneous isotropic to heteroge-neous isotropic models, were analyzed to assess their impact on displacement and stress distribution. Results demonstrate that material heterogeneity significantly af-fects displacement magnitudes, with homogeneous models underestimating defor-mation compared to heterogeneous ones that more realistically represent cortical and cancellous bone properties. Stress distribution patterns were primarily governed by geometry and boundary conditions, though stress concentrations near supports were identified as potential numerical artifacts. These findings underscore the importance of incorporating bone heterogeneity and anisotropy in FEM for accurate biomechan-ical simulations. Future research should focus on advanced anisotropic modeling, nonlinear behavior, and physiologically relevant loading conditions to enhance pre-dictive capabilities, particularly for clinical applications such as implant design and surgical planning.