Review of Material Handling Challenges in Energy Production from Biomass and other Solid Waste Materials

Biomass and biowaste create potential environmental and health hazards in our modern society. Conversion of the solids into energy presents a promising avenue for sustainable energy generation. However, economic feasibility of the approach is limited by the challenges in material handling, particularly in developing countries whereas resource constraints amplify these obstacles. Despite their critical importance, the complexities of material handling often evade scrutiny until operational implementation. This paper highlights the challenges inherent in standard solid material handling processes, preceded by a concise review of common solid waste typologies and their physical properties, particularly those related to biomass and biowastes. It delves into the complexities of material flow, storage, compaction, agglomeration, separation, transport, and hazard management. Specialised characterisation techniques essential for informed process design are also discussed to mitigate operational risks. In conclusion, the paper emphasises the necessity of a tailored framework before the establishment of any further conversional processes. Given the heterogeneous nature of biomaterials, material handling equipment must demonstrate adaptability to accommodate the substantial variability in material properties in large-scale production. This approach aims to enhance feasibility and efficacy of any energy conversion initiatives by using biomass or other solid wastes, thereby advancing sustainable resource utilisation and environmental stewardship.