Observational analysis reveals the triple helix effect on technological innovation in high-speed railway, indicating key roles of universities and government.
The main body of technological innovation in China's high-speed railway industry - universities and research institutions, high-speed railway construction enterprises and the government - are connected by the demand for high-speed railway construction, forming a "triple helix" relationship structure where three forces intersect and influence, stick together and spiral upwards. High speed railway construction enterprises play a leading role in China's high-speed railway technological innovation and construction process, universities and research institutions play a crucial role in technological research and development in China's high-speed railway technological innovation and construction process, and the government team led by the Ministry of Railways plays the role of organizers and commanders in China's high-speed railway technological innovation and construction process.
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Qinghui Cheng (2025) studied this question.
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