Approaches to the Concept of “Multi-Domain Operations” in the Doctrinal Vision of NATO and its Main Strategic Competitors

As the global security landscape becomes increasingly complex due to the intensification of global competition and the growing interdependence among various operational domains – land, maritime, air, space, and cyber – key actors are adapting their military doctrines to exploit these interactions and gain strategic advantages. This article examines the approaches to the concept of multi-domain operations (MDO) from the doctrinal perspective of NATO’s main strategic competitors. The study provides a comparative analysis of the multidomain operational concepts adopted by major powers, highlighting both the similarities and differences in their strategic approaches. By reviewing doctrinal documents, analysing lessons learned from conflicts and military exercises, as well as other relevant sources, the article identifies the factors influencing the evolution of these doctrines and their impact on global security dynamics. The conclusions suggest that NATO’s continuous adaptation to these doctrinal changes is essential for maintaining a position of strategic superiority in an ever-evolving security environment.