Collaboration activities during armed conflict represent one of the most complex phenomena in terms of legal regulation and holding individuals accountable. In the context of modern warfare, the issue of citizens cooperating with occupying forces becomes particularly significant, as such actions can negatively affect national security, social cohesion, and public order. At the same time, establishing the boundaries of collaboration activities, distinguishing them from other offenses, and ensuring fair justice pose a significant challenge for national judicial and law enforcement authorities. The relevance of the research topic is driven not only by the increasing number of collaboration cases amid military aggression against Ukraine but also by the need to improve legislation for effective and justified prosecution of individuals involved in cooperation with the enemy. Currently, law enforcement practice demonstrates significant difficulties in qualifying collaboration activities, which is due to both legislative gaps and the lack of a unified approach to evaluating such actions. The article addresses the current problems of holding individuals accountable for collaboration activities in the context of armed conflict. It analyzes national legislation regulating criminal liability for cooperation with occupying forces, as well as the experience of foreign countries. The main issues of law enforcement are identified, particularly the challenges in qualifying actions, proving guilt, and ensuring a fair judicial process. Special attention is paid to the challenges associated with defining collaboration activities in modern wartime conditions. The paper proposes ways to improve the legal mechanism of accountability, taking into account current security challenges. The article provides a comprehensive study of problematic aspects of holding individuals accountable for collaboration activities during wartime and analyzes the national legal framework in this area. Particular attention is paid to the issues of legal qualification of actions that may be considered collaborative, as well as the analysis of evidence-related challenges in criminal proceedings.
Pundor et al. (Mon,) studied this question.