Synthetic Routes and Bioactivity Profiles of The Phenothiazine Privileged Manifold

This review focuses on the synthesis of phenothiazine derivatives employing novel synthetic strategies, including non-metallic reagent-promoted, transition metal-catalysed, and related green chemistry approaches. The therapeutic characteristics of the phenothiazine class are highlighted including antibiotic, antitubercular, antidiabetic, antagonistic, antioxidant, anti-obesity, plas-mid-curing activities, and in cancer therapy. Decorated phenothiazine scaffolds demonstrated di-verse mechanisms of action including activation of proteasomes, inhibition of the cleavage of bac-terial RPR, against various strains of yeast and filamentous fungi, oxidative stress, efficacy of treatments against resistant bacterial strains, selection of binding affinity to CB1R and histone deacetylase 6, reduction of cell growth, inhibition of tumour cell proliferation, human farnesyl-transferase, induction of apoptosis, necrosis, arrest of cell cycle at G0/G1 phase, and modulation of immune responses amongst many others. Through their synergistic effects with antibiotics, the study demonstrated the promise of phenothiazines in treating multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, offering a different therapeutic approach to managing this difficult to treat disease. Phenothiazine derivatives have demonstrated potential as an adjunct for improving the effectiveness of traditional chemotherapy and disrupting the signalling pathways of microorganisms and cancer cells.