Glucagon-like peptide and its receptor agonists for the treatment of rheumatic diseases

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and its receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) are well-established therapies for metabolic conditions such as type 2 diabetes and obesity due to their ability to enhance insulin secretion, promote weight loss, and regulate blood glucose levels. Emerging evidence, however, indicates that GLP-1RAs may also have therapeutic potential in inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. This review explores the evolving role of GLP-1RAs in managing rheumatic diseases, including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Studies suggest that GLP-1RAs reduce inflammation by modulating immune cell activity, increasing anti-inflammatory cytokine production, shifting macrophage polarization toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype, and enhancing regulatory T-cell function to maintain immune homeostasis. These immunomodulatory effects point toward a promising adjunctive strategy in current clinical practice for patients with rheumatic diseases, particularly those with metabolic comorbidities. Further clinical trials are warranted to validate these findings, clarify underlying mechanisms, and assess long-term safety, ultimately paving the way for novel treatment approaches in rheumatology.