Determinants of Low Bone Mineral Density among Tribal Males: Insights from the BLOSSOM Cohort Study in Central India

A BSTRACT Background: Osteopenia is a major precursor to osteoporosis and a growing public health concern in aging male populations, particularly in underserved tribal communities. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated risk factors of osteopenia among adult tribal males in central India. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 1,923 tribal males from the BLOSSOM cohort. Osteopenia was defined as a T -score < –1. Results: The prevalence of osteopenia was 43.3% (833/1923). Age >46 years (Odds Ration [OR]: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.02–1.46, P = 0.02) and smoking (OR: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.03–1.50, P = 0.01) were significantly associated with osteopenia. Other factors such as alcohol use, low Body Mass Index (BMI), diabetes, and anemia showed elevated but nonsignificant odds. Conclusion: Age and smoking emerged as key risk factors for osteopenia. Targeted screening and preventive strategies are warranted to mitigate bone health risks in tribal males.