Investigation of bone defect repair with nanocomposite containing octacalcium phosphate (OCP) and titanium oxide on rat femur bone

Abstract Bone defect repair remains a major clinical challenge, requiring the development of effective biomaterials to address the limitations of autografts and allografts. This study examined the regenerative potential of a nanocomposite composed of octacalcium phosphate (OCP) and titanium dioxide (TiO₂) in a rat femoral defect model. The OCP-TiO₂ nanocomposite was produced through electrospinning and analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), confirming its structural integrity and osteoconductive properties. Rats were divided into three groups: control (untreated defect), autograft, and OCP-TiO₂ nanocomposite. Histopathological, immunohistochemical (VEGF, Osteocalcin, Ki67), and radiological assessments were performed at 15-, 30-, and 60-days post-implantation. Findings showed that the OCP-TiO₂ group experienced enhanced bone regeneration, with earlier trabecular bone formation, less inflammation, and improved osteointegration compared to autografts and controls. Radiological evaluations indicated faster defect remodeling in the OCP-TiO₂ group, while autografts displayed ongoing inflammation.These results indicate that the OCP-TiO₂ nanocomposite is a promising alternative to autografts, offering improved osteoconductivity, mechanical stability, and biocompatibility for bone defect repair. Future research should focus on long-term outcomes and clinical applications.