Sex-specific associations of social determinants of health and genetic risk factors with atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases incidence in the general population

Background and aims The combined contribution of polysocial risk factors (socioeconomic status, psychosocial factors and living environment) and genetic background on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk remains unknown. We investigated the contribution of a comprehensive polysocial risk score (PsRS) and polygenic risk scores (PRS) on ASCVD incidence. Methods We developed a PsRS using latent class analysis based on socioeconomic factors, psychosocial factors and living environment in 321,016 UK Biobank participants free of ASCVD. Participants were divided into three PsRS groups. The impact of the PsRS on incident ASCVD was assessed using Cox proportional hazards. The impact of the PsRS and coronary artery disease (CAD)PRS and ischemic stroke (IS)PRS on the incidence of CAD and IS, respectively, were also assessed. Results During a median follow-up of 12.5 years, 17,737 ASCVD events were recorded. Compared to participants with a low PsRS, those with a high PsRS had a higher risk of ASCVD (HR=1.46 [95% CI, 1.40-1.52], p <0.001). Risk associated with an elevated PsRS was higher for females compared to males. Compared to participants with a low PsRS in the bottom tertile of CAD PRS, those with a high PsRS in the top tertile of CAD PRS were at higher CAD risk (HR=4.24 [95% CI, 3.94-4.55], p <0.001). Similar results were obtained for IS. Conclusions A comprehensive PsRS was associated with incident ASCVD, particularly in females, and may exacerbate genetic susceptibility to both CAD and IS, suggesting that addressing polysocial risk factors is key to implementing preventive ASCVD strategies in the general population.