SafeDrive4Deaf: A Mixed-Methods Study on Emergency Sound Awareness and Assistive Technology Needs Among Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Drivers

Deaf and hard-of-hearing drivers often face critical challenges in perceiving emergency vehicle sirens and other important auditory cues while on the road, posing risks to both personal and public safety. This study explores these challenges and assesses the potential impact of the SafeDrive4Deaf assistive technology device, designed to enhance situational awareness through visual and directional alerts. Using a mixed-methods approach, data were collected from 25 deaf and hard-of-hearing drivers between the ages of 25 and 61, including 15 participants from Tunisia and 10 from Germany. Participants completed structured surveys and semi-structured interviews covering demographics, driving experience, comfort with technology, and awareness of emergency sounds. All participants reported difficulties in detecting emergency vehicles, regardless of their driving experience, which ranged from 5 to 40 years-and 100% expressed a need for enhanced alert systems. While 52% of drivers felt very comfortable with technology, 40% indicated discomfort, highlighting the need for inclusive and user-friendly design. The findings underscore the necessity of assistive driving solutions like SafeDrive4Deaf, which address both safety and accessibility through a community-informed approach. The results support continued development and pilot testing to validate the device's effectiveness in real-world driving scenarios.