Critique and Analysis of Goldziher’s Doubt Regarding the Armed Expansion of Islam (HOLY WAR)

Based on the teachings of the Qur’an, the divine messages, and the harmony of its rulings and laws with human nature—as well as the noble sayings of the Infallibles (peace be upon them)—one can understand the universality, eternity, and finality of Islam. This truth can be substantiated for opponents and adversaries through reason, science, historical evidence, and alignment with innate human disposition. The present article is a documented scholarly investigation aimed at critiquing the perspective of the well-known orientalist, Ignác Goldziher, regarding his assertion that the spread of Islam occurred through the sword and coercive force. The authors contend that Goldziher's superficial understanding of the concept of jihad and his failure to grasp its comprehensive meaning, combined with his reductive and speculative approach, have led him to an erroneous judgment. The significance of this discussion lies in the fact that such a claim has troubled the minds of many seekers and truth-seeking individuals regarding Islam. Therefore, a scholarly and multidimensional inquiry into this matter is both essential and urgent. The findings of this descriptive-analytical study indicate that the religion of Islam—and the totality of Qur'anic verses concerning war and jihad—demonstrates that Islam has never initiated war or aggression. The fundamental principle in Islam is peace and conciliation. However, in the context of defense, as a legitimate and universally recognized human right, Islam decisively and powerfully defends the sanctity of the faith and its followers against aggressive enemies through armed resistance when necessary.