Three-Year Echocardiographic Follow-Up in Outpatients with Systemic Arterial Hypertension: An Observational Cohort Study

Background/Objectives: Systemic arterial hypertension is a prevalent condition associated with adverse cardiac remodeling. Echocardiography plays a crucial role in assessing cardiac structure and function in hypertensive patients. This study aimed to evaluate the changes in echocardiographic parameters in hypertensive patients over a 3-year follow-up period and assess the impact of blood pressure control and antihypertensive medication use on these changes. Methods: This observational cohort study included 131 adult patients with systemic arterial hypertension who underwent annual echocardiographic assessments. Statistical analyses included paired and unpaired comparisons, regression modeling, and subgroup analyses by BP control and lifestyle behavior. Results: Over the 3-year follow-up, mean left ventricular mass (LVM) increased significantly from 173.99 ± 59.33 g to 183.26 ± 64.19 g (p = 0.018), and the prevalence of LV hypertrophy rose from 29.0% to 40.5% (p = 0.021). Patients with uncontrolled blood pressure at the final visit had significantly greater interventricular septum and posterior wall thicknesses (p = 0.009 and p = 0.012, respectively), but no statistically significant difference in ΔLVM. Those who adopted more healthy lifestyle behaviors showed a dose-dependent reduction in LVM progression, with each additional lifestyle improvement associated with a −3.25 g change in ΔLVM (p = 0.01). Multivariable linear regression identified baseline LVM, sex, and lifestyle score as independent predictors of 3-year LVM change (model R2 = 0.318). Conclusions: Our findings indicate that long-term cardiac remodeling may continue in hypertensive patients despite treatment, particularly in the presence of suboptimal BP control. Sustained lifestyle improvements were independently associated with attenuation of LVM progression. These results underscore the importance of integrating behavioral interventions alongside pharmacologic therapy in routine hypertension management.