Advanced Technologies for Wastewater Treatment: Graphene-Based Catalysts

This short review provides a focused overview of recent advances in catalytic systems for water purification, with particular attention to photocatalysis, Fenton-like processes, and biocatalysis. While not intended as a comprehensive survey, this review is grounded primarily in recent work from our research group, supported by comparisons with relevant studies from the broader literature. Emphasis is placed on the role of graphene-based materials, particularly aerogels, hydrogels, and xerogels, as functional platforms for catalytic nanoparticles inclusion and enzyme immobilization. This review aims to highlight key insights, practical limitations, and emerging strategies to improve catalyst reusability, stability, and scalability for real-world water treatment applications.