Sustainable agriculture in small islands: A case of Ambon Island, Indonesia

Small Indonesian islands have limited, complex, and diverse natural resources and are extremely sensitive to natural disasters. Historically, the agricultural pattern on small islands has been based on local customary wisdom, which considers good agricultural practices, socio-cultural considerations, economic viability, and environmental sustainability. Spices, plantations, and fruit crops are the main cash source for rural households, while sago and tubers are the main staple food. This study will examine farmers’ perceptions of climate change on agriculture production. The study also examines how the global digital economy weakens local customary wisdom and drives labor mobility from farm to non-farm economic activities. This study is based on a household survey in four villages and subsequent farmer group discussions. Results indicate that climate change has influenced production uncertainty. In addition, a focused global economy has reduced land size, weakened the role of local institutions, and fueled the flight of young Indonesians to non-farm economic activities, thus causing farm labor scarcity and higher harvesting costs. It is suggested that a local university should develop partnerships with local government and private sector companies. Farmer organizations should develop digital agricultural extensions to improve rural human capital and upgrade farm business technologies.