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Recent cases highlight reparations under public international law, suggesting a shift in legal expectations.
The expectation that those impacted by violations of public international law will receive a remedy has ballooned in recent years. Such expectations have shaped international legal discourse in unexpected ways and generated concrete action. In DRC v. Uganda (2022) , the International Court of Justice awarded US$330 million in damages for wartime violations. 1 International climate change talks are increasingly preoccupied with a controversial fund to address loss and damage. 2 In 2024, the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued its largest victims reparations order. 3 These developments are celebrated as examples of realizing an individual’s international legal right to reparation. While an important starting point, this perspective fails to provide a full picture of these novel practices.
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Ashley Barnes (2025) studied this question.
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