Longitudinal Clustering of Psychopathology Across Childhood and Adolescence: An Approach Toward Developmentally Based Classification

Current classification systems of psychopathology focus on cross-sectional symptoms rather than continuity, discontinuity, and comorbidity across development. Here, a community sample of 600 youths was assessed every 3 years from early childhood through late adolescence using semistructured diagnostic interviews. We used longitudinal k -means clustering of joint-diagnostic trajectories to identify six distinct clusters (healthy, childhood anxiety, childhood/adolescent attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, adolescent depression/anxiety, adolescent depression/substance use, and early childhood disruptive behavior). Comparing psychopathology clusters with the healthy cluster on age-3 predictors (parental education and psychopathology, early environment, temperament, cognitive and social functioning) and age-18 functional outcomes, we found that the clusters captured developmental patterning of psychopathology not apparent in cross-sectional nosology. The study serves as a proof of principle in applying a longitudinal clustering approach to common mental disorders, affording a rich perspective on the unfolding of sequential comorbidity and heterotypic continuity and identifying transdiagnostic subgroups with meaningful clinical, family, and temperamental correlates.