A Clinical Review on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease after COVID19 Situations

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a prevalent long-lasting airway inflammatory condition that features enduring respiratory symptoms and irreversible airflow restriction. Globally, COPD ranks third in terms of cause of death behind ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease, owing to high morbidity and mortality rates. Respiratory failure (RF), especially hypercapnic RF (HRF), frequently occurs in most COPD patients at severe or end-stage. COPD complicated by RF (COPD+RF) increases the difficulty of treatment, resulting in poor prognosis. Despite the elusive pathogenesis of RF in COPD, aberrant immune activation and systemic inflammation constitute key contributors. The systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) is a comprehensive inflammatory indicator that is computed by peripheral lymphocyte, neutrophil and platelet counts. Neutrophils, platelets and produced cytokines are mostly tied to nonspecific immune responses. In contrast, lymphocytes are primarily linked to immune-related pathways for COPD patients. Overall COPD is one of the major airway diseases which need to be addressed and invent formulation for the treatment of this particular disease.