A Simulation-Based Measurement of Emergency Department Readiness for Neonatal Resuscitation

Few studies have evaluated the readiness of emergency departments (EDs) that care for both children and adults to perform newborn resuscitation. Little is known about the adherence to Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP) guidelines or availability of necessary equipment in this setting. We sought to address these knowledge gaps. This is an observational pilot cohort study of 3 emergency departments, 1 underresourced and urban and 2 suburban and resource rich, to assess readiness to perform newborn resuscitation. A systems assessment at each site involved a before and after simulation survey, completion of an adapted Pediatric Readiness Equipment Checklist specific for neonatal care and a Critical Action Checklist measured during an in situ simulated case. Thirty-five providers participated, including nurses (42%), physicians (18%), advanced practice providers (17%), emergency medical services (EMS) providers/paramedics (11%), and emergency medicine technicians (11%). All EDs had the majority of equipment items for newborn resuscitation (94%, 30/32 items). Laryngeal mask airways, plastic wrap for preterm newborn thermoregulation, and endotracheal tube tape were not available at one or more EDs. Only 40% to 50% of critical actions were performed. All teams performed cardiac compressions before establishing effective ventilation. Most participants reported an improvement in perceived abilities to manage a neonate requiring resuscitation postsimulation. EDs had most of the equipment required for newborn resuscitation. There were significant deviations from evidence-based NRP guidelines, specifically not prioritizing effective ventilation and starting chest compressions prematurely. There is continued need to develop and sustain NRP skills in EDs, in addition to ensuring that appropriate equipment is readily available.