Unmasking TRALI: A case report of multiple myeloma and transfusion-associated event

Introduction and Importance: Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is a relatively rare but severe respiratory complication that can occur following the transfusion of blood products. Despite its infrequent occurrence, TRALI is a leading cause of transfusion-related mortality, underscoring the need for rapid diagnosis and appropriate management. However, diagnosis remains challenging due to its clinical overlap with other causes of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Case Presentation: This report describes the case of a 57-year-old woman with multiple myeloma (MM) who developed acute respiratory distress consistent with TRALI four hours after receiving a whole blood transfusion for severe pancytopenia. Clinical Discussion: This case highlights the diagnostic difficulties in distinguishing TRALI from other post-transfusion complications, including transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO), allergic reactions, cardiac complications, and infectious processes. It also emphasizes the need for a high index of suspicion in susceptible patients. We discuss the potential risk factors, underlying pathophysiology, and essential elements of the differential diagnosis. Conclusion: Increased awareness and early recognition of TRALI are essential for improving patient outcomes. Moreover, this case aligns with the existing literature by highlighting the diagnostic challenges and the importance of considering TRALI in patients with hematological malignancies who require transfusion support.