Acidic Zn-Mn batteries hold promising prospects in large-scale energy storage owing to their higher discharge voltage and capacity. However, the challenge of developing long-term acidic Zn-Mn batteries still remains due to Zn anode instability in acidic media arising from the inevitable proton corrosion and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Herein, we report self-assembled homogeneous heterobimetallic-oxide interfaces on the Zn anode surface via a multi-cation (Cu2+, In3+, and Sn4+) synergistic regulation strategy to achieve >85.5% depth of discharge with over 1000 h of cycling in strongly acidic medium (pH = 0.9). The design ingeniously blends the SnCl4 hydrolysis and In3+ and Cu2+ ions replacement with Zn metal to spontaneously generate heterobimetallic In-CuZn5 and SnO2 oxide. Heterobimetallic-oxide interfaces could synergistically inhibit proton corrosion and HER while inducing Zn-ordered plating/stripping benefiting from the excellent acid resistance of SnO2 and the abundant nucleation sites of heterobimetallic. Crucially, the in situ hydrolysis of SnCl4 establishes a self-regulated acidic environment without additional acidic medium. Consequently, Zn-Mn pouch battery within this acidic environment delivers a high capacity of 1.39 mAh cm-2 and retains 84.9% of initial capacity after 200 cycles at 1 mA cm-2. This direct multi-cation synergistic modulated self-assembly interface strategy holds significant potential for expediting the advancement of high-safety, large-scale energy storage technology.
Shao et al. (Tue,) studied this question.
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