Artificial intelligence in electroencephalography analysis for epilepsy diagnosis and management

Introduction Epilepsy is a prevalent chronic neurological disorder primarily diagnosed using electroencephalography (EEG). Traditional EEG interpretation relies on manual analysis, which suffers from high misdiagnosis rates and inefficiency. Methods This review systematically evaluates the integration of artificial intelligence (AI), particularly deep learning (DL) and machine learning (ML), into EEG analysis for epilepsy management. We focus on two dominant AI-EEG application models: supportive AI (augmenting clinical decisions) and predictive AI (anticipating seizures or outcomes). Results AI-based EEG analysis demonstrates significant potential in improving epilepsy detection, monitoring, and therapeutic evaluation. Key advancements include enhanced precision, efficiency, and capabilities for multimodal data fusion and personalized diagnosis. However, challenges persist, such as limited model interpretability, data quality constraints, and barriers to clinical translation. Crucially, AI outputs require clinician verification alongside multidimensional clinical data. Discussion Future research must prioritize algorithm optimization, data quality improvement, and enhanced AI transparency. Interdisciplinary collaboration is essential to bridge the gap between technical innovation and clinical implementation. This review highlights both the transformative potential and current limitations of AI-EEG in epilepsy care, providing a roadmap for future developments.