Exploring the impact of multiple factors on crash risk among Indian motorized two-wheeler riders: Insights from a Rider Behavior Questionnaire

This study aims to validate a modified Motorized Two-Wheeler Rider Behavior Questionnaire (MRBQ) tailored to Indian riders by integrating ordinary violations and safety-related behaviors and to further analyze the crash likelihood by establishing causal relationships among demographics, MRBQ factors, and crash history. The MRBQ is employed to evaluate rider behaviors, but it requires adaptation to fit local, cultural, legal, and psychological contexts. A sample of 603 responses was collected through an online questionnaire survey. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was performed to identify a suitable factor structure for the modified MRBQ. Followed by, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to validate the identified factor structure. Finally, the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) approach was employed to analyze the causal relationships among multiple factors and crash likelihood. Exploratory factor analysis revealed that the 34-item MRBQ with five factors - error, speed violation, stunt, safety violation, and ordinary violation - fits the Indian context. Confirmatory factor analysis confirms the construct and discriminant validity of this factor structure. Based on the findings of structural equation modeling, the odds of being involved in crashes are considerably increased for young male riders with less than a year of experience, inadequate training, and a history of committing frequent errors, speeding violations, safety violations, and ordinary violations. Overall, the study findings underscore the need to identify the key factors that impact the crash risk probability. To enhance MTW rider safety in developing nations, researchers, policymakers, and authorities should prioritize enforcing strict regulations targeting young, inexperienced riders lacking formal training; revise licensing procedures to include cognitive assessments for novice riders; develop tailored training programs for managing complex riding scenarios; and implement targeted educational campaigns and workshops.