Anemia and iron deficiency in post-kidney transplantation: an unsolved challenge

Anemia and iron deficiency (ID) are common and significant complications in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) that can affect their health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and outcomes. Current anemia guidelines equate the post-transplant situation with the anemia associated with CKD in non-transplanted persons, not acknowledging relevant differences ranging from pathophysiology to clinical manifestation. Nephrologists caring for these patients tend to pay less attention to post-transplant anemia (PTA) and ID. than in non-transplanted persons with CKD. In this narrative review we summarize the available evidence about PTA and ID and their specifics in KTRs, including associations with patient and graft survival and poorer HRQoL. The prevalence of anemia is higher in KTRs than in non-transplanted patients with CKD for a given level of GFR due to kidney transplant (KT)-specific pathophysiological factors. ID should be detected and corrected in KTRs using oral or intravenous iron. Some IV iron formulations are associated with an increased risk of hypophosphatemia a typical complication in KTRs. Current guidelines suggest the same Hb targets for ESA therapy in transplanted and non-transplanted patients, despite that a higher hemoglobin target has been associated with a slower eGFR decline in KT. There is insufficient data to recommend the widespread use of HIF prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitors in PTA. Red blood cell transfusions should be avoided to minimize alosensitization. We call for increased awareness and targeted trials on anemia and ID in KTRs, accounting for the diverse and specific profiles of these patients.