Superconducting diode effect and nonreciprocal transport properties induced by current biasing

We report a universal strategy to engineer the superconducting diode effect in normal superconductors through current biasing, achieving full-range rectification efficiency (−1≤η≤1) without magnetic fields. By controllably shifting the critical current asymmetry via a tunable bias, we demonstrate in situ polarity reversal and robust operation across the host material's intrinsic Tc. Second-harmonic voltage analysis reveals unprecedented sensitivity to symmetry-breaking perturbations, with phase signatures and peak width scaling directly mapping to device efficiency. Experimental validation on normal superconductors confirms the method's universality, while contrasting H=0-symmetric responses against magnetochiral systems highlight its unique field-decoupling mechanism. This platform advances nonreciprocal transport studies and provides a scalable pathway for superconducting circuit innovation.