Enhancing the Stability of 2D/3D Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Future Perspectives

Among all photovoltaic technologies, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as a standout, combining record-breaking efficiency with the promise of low-cost, scalable manufacturing. However, the poor stability of perovskite materials remains a major obstacle to their commercialization. To address this challenge, researchers have shifted focus from traditional three-dimensional (3D) PSCs to the development of two-dimensional/three-dimensional (2D/3D) hybrid structures, achieving remarkable progress. This review examines various strategies to improve stability, including constructing 2D/3D heterostructures, surface passivation, interface engineering, optimizing fabrication processes, and material design, with the aim of investigating the mechanisms underlying the enhanced stability of 2D/3D hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) These methods effectively address issues such as ion migration, defect density, and environmental degradation. Key findings show that 2D/3D heterostructures and passivation layers significantly enhance device stability and efficiency, with some achieving power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) over 25%. However, challenges remain in large-scale production and long-term stability under extreme conditions. Future research should focus on developing scalable fabrication techniques, optimizing material systems for durability, and further improving charge transport efficiency to advance the commercial viability of 2D/3D PSCs.