Enzymeless Nanosensors: A Novel Approach for Creatinine Detection

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has surfaced as a serious health concern, as it affects around 10% of the global population. Early diagnosis of this disease relies significantly on identifying biomarkers, allowing timely intervention and monitoring of disease progression. One such biomarker for patients with CKD is creatinine (Crn), since it allows physicians to detect the disease at an early stage. Thus, the measurement of blood Crn levels is considered to be a strong marker for efficient kidney functioning. Several diagnostic options like nanobiosensors have been explored that can be used to timely detect diseased cases in a cost‐effective and simplified manner. This review examines recent advancements in nonenzymatic Crn detection, a valuable biomarker for diagnosing and monitoring various kidney diseases. It explores the new trend of utilizing optical and electrochemical nanosensors in biomedical applications and highlights that these hold great promise for reliable Crn detection in complex biological fluids such as blood serum, urine, plasma, and saliva, owing to their enhanced selectivity, stability, and compatibility with real sample matrices.