The Historical Evolution of the Brazilian Penal Code: A Structured Analysis by Thematic Axes

Purpose: To analyze the historical evolution of the Brazilian Penal Code based on a structured framework of thematic axes reflecting the normative, institutional, and value dimensions of national criminal law. Originality/Value: This essay addresses a theoretical gap by offering a transversal and structured reading of Brazilian penal legislation, incorporating axiological and teleological foundations that are often absent in conventional historical-legal analyses. Methods: Qualitative and exploratory research based on document analysis and critical literature review, organized around nine thematic axes and comparative examination of historical periods and criminal codes. Results: The study reveals a progressive shift from an authoritarian and inquisitorial model to a more rights-based and constitutionally grounded system, highlighting the growing emphasis on human dignity, proportionate sentencing, and procedural guarantees. Conclusions: The findings demonstrate that Brazilian criminal law reflects a persistent tension between repression and rights, and that a structured analysis through axes, values, and purposes enhances understanding of its normative and socio-political role.