Endoscopic ultrasound combined with cholangioscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic arteriovenous malformation-related repeated duodenal bleeding

Pancreatic arteriovenous malformation (P-AVM) is a rare vascular anomaly, typically presenting with gastrointestinal bleeding, abdominal pain, jaundice, or portal hypertension. Digital subtraction angiography remains the conventional diagnostic modality for this condition [1] [2] [3] [4]. Recently, our team successfully diagnosed a case of P-AVM utilizing a novel diagnostic approach – endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) combined with cholangioscopy – and performed localized therapy, resulting in favorable clinical outcomes.