Diversity and complexity of hate: extended classification and analysis of social consequences

This article aims to develop an extended classification of online hate and to analyse its emotional, social, and psychological consequences. The subject of the study is the diversity of hate-related behaviours in digital communication and their impact on individuals and communities. The proposed classification is based on the author’s original conceptual work, informed by a qualitative review of selected publications and long-term observation of online interactions. The analysis of the social consequences of hate highlights its potential effects, including conflict escalation, social divisions, exclusion, and discouragement from participating in public debate.