Antibiotic Resistance in the Treatment of Helicobacter Pylori: The Status and Future Directions

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is one of the most common chronic bacterial infections in humans that affect a global prevalence of up to 50%. The extensive use of antibiotics has led to a sharp rise in resistance rates in recent years, accompanied by the emergence of multidrug resistance. Successful treatment for H. pylori eradication has become a real challenge and a critical issue. This essay introduces the status of antibiotic resistance in H. pylori in different regions and the resistant mechanisms to amoxicillin, clarithromycin, levofloxacin and metronidazole. Then multidrug resistance profiles, associated factors, underlying mechanisms and strategies to tackle the growing challenge of antibiotic resistance.