Development and validation of a nomogram model for prediction of dyslipidemia in children with Wilson disease: a retrospective analysis

Background Wilson disease (WD), an inherited copper metabolism disorder, is linked to hepatic injury from copper accumulation-induced dyslipidemia. Children with WD have a high incidence of dyslipidemia, yet personalized risk assessment tools are lacking. This study established a predictive nomogram to provide foundational evidence for early detection in this population. Methods In this retrospective cohort study, clinical data from 913 children with WD were retrospectively collected at the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine (November 2018–February 2025). The cohort was stratified by age group and dyslipidemic status using stratified random sampling, resulting in a division into a training set (70%, n = 641) and a validation set (30%, n = 272). Independent risk factors were identified using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression and multivariate logistic regression analyses. The nomogram prediction model was constructed and validated internally. The model’s discriminatory efficacy was evaluated using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves with the area under the curve (AUC), while its calibration performance was assessed using calibration curves and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. Furthermore, the clinical utility of the model was examined through decision curve analysis and clinical impact curves. Results The prevalence of dyslipidemia was 68.24%. The nomogram incorporated six significant clinical variables: age group (≥ 10 years vs. < 10 years), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), homocysteine (Hcy), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and platelet count (PLT). The prediction model demonstrated good discrimination (AUC: 0.810 in the training set, 0.831 in the validation set), excellent calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow P > 0.280), and significant clinical utility. Conclusion Children with WD exhibit a high incidence of dyslipidemia. The nomogram prediction model based on these six variables effectively predicts dyslipidemic risk in pediatric WD patients, enabling early identification and clinical risk stratification.