Investigating Diverse Research Orientations in Smart Learning Ecosystems: Uncovering Positive and Negative Impacts on Learners’ Learning Smartness

In response to the TIMISOARA declaration on the future of smart learning ecosystems, this stimulated paper critically examines the potential impacts of smart learning environments/ecosystems on learners’ agency beyond content and skill mastery. The declaration emphasizes the role of technology in achieving people-centred smartness in education, but the core issue to scrutinise is the differences between “smartness of technology” and “smartness of learners”. I would like to approach this issue in two dimensions: three major orientations of educational technology research, and the distinction between system adaptivity and adaptability in the context of software engineering.