Evaluation of the impact of curcumin concentrations on the viability of human periodontal ligament cells: An in vitro study

Background: Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory condition that leads to the destruction of periodontal tissues, exacerbated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Current therapeutic approaches seek to reduce inflammation and promote regeneration. Curcumin, a natural polyphenol with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, may offer a biocompatible alternative for periodontal regeneration by protecting human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) from inflammatory damage. Materials and Methods: The present in vitro study examined the effects of curcumin on hPDLCs exposed to LPS (10 µg/mL) to simulate an inflammatory environment. hPDLCs were divided into four groups: control, curcumin-treated (2.5 µM and 5 µM), LPS-induced inflammation, and LPS with curcumin. Cell viability was assessed using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, and morphological changes were evaluated via phase-contrast microscopy. Results: Curcumin treatment did not significantly impact cell viability in hPDLCs under noninflammatory conditions, with viability rates exceeding 94%. In LPS-stimulated cells, curcumin at 2.5 µM and 5 µM significantly improved viability from 60.1% (LPS only) to 80.1% and 87.6%, respectively. Morphological assessment revealed that curcumin mitigated LPS-induced cellular damage, promoting normal cell structure and growth. Conclusion: Curcumin demonstrates potential as a therapeutic agent for periodontal regeneration by enhancing cell viability and counteracting LPS-induced cytotoxicity in hPDLCs. This study supports curcumin’s role in creating a microenvironment conducive to periodontal tissue repair and highlights its promise for future applications in periodontal therapy.