Tobacco control policies in Vietnam: a qualitative analysis of the experiences of men who smoke

Introduction In 2012, the Vietnamese government launched its first national tobacco control law, incorporating both demand- and supply-reduction policies. Yet, how people who smoke experience these policies remains unclear. This study explored the experiences of men who currently and formerly smoked cigarettes with existing tobacco control policies. Methods We conducted a qualitative focus group study with men who currently and formerly smoked cigarettes. Participants were recruited from two districts of Hanoi, one urban and one mountainous/rural area. Nine focus group discussions were held with 51 individuals (mean age 44 years old, 35 smoked daily, 4 smoked occasionally and 12 smoked formerly), using a semi-structured guide. Findings were analysed using manifest content analysis with an inductive approach. Results The analysis identified three main categories: health warnings shift attitudes towards smoking; inconsistent enforcement undermines compliance; and persistent barriers to behaviour change. Participants described how health warnings prompted them to reconsider their smoking habits, while also highlighting barriers in translating policy awareness into sustained behavioural change. Conclusion Men who smoke in Vietnam described a nuanced interplay between awareness of tobacco control policies and their behavioural responses. Their narratives revealed a gap between recognising policies and experiencing their implementation in daily life. These challenges underscore the need for stronger enforcement of smoke-free environments, stricter regulation on youth tobacco access, increased cigarette taxation and culturally tailored, continuous public education campaigns. A comprehensive approach addressing both individual and systemic barriers is essential to advancing smoking cessation efforts in Vietnam.